Retrograde Amnesia
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Retrograde amnesia is a deficiency associated with memory loss where a victim cannot remember information learned or events in the distant past. One may suffer from retrograde amnesia due to illness or being injured while out there performing daily tasks. Autobiographical, episodic, and declarative memory are affected by retrograde amnesia such that they can’t function normally. The victim of retrograde amnesia can learn and understand new concepts since procedural memory is not involved in any way. Different victims are affected by retrograde amnesia differently. This means that while one can be severely affected by retrograde amnesia, other patients suffering from the same ailment may be less affected. Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992).
Retrograde amnesia mainly affects people who are above fifty years of age. Some indicators will make you realize if a person is suffering from retrograde amnesia. One of the symptoms is that the victim can’t remember any events and activities in the distant past. When you remind them of a past occurrence, the patient is surprised as he can’t recall if he was involved in such activities. If there is no proper treatment, the patient will not have the ability to learn new concepts. This is because the brain can’t obtain the latest content for Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992). The victim may also form imaginary images and experiences as a result of memory loss. The victim may look confused because of the activities taking place around him.
The brain coordinates the functioning of all body organs. Retrograde amnesia affects the hippocampus, temporal lobes, and diencephalon, strongly linked with declarative memory. The hippocampus does memory consolidation in the brain. Information or any past occurrences and activities are stored for the long term and accessed in the future. Recalling episodes is done by the diencephalon in the memory. In cases where the type of information to be stored is in semantic form, the brain’s temporal lobes are involved storage of the information. The temporal lobes also do the processing of facts in the brain for memory. Damage of the temporal lobes has a significant impact on the impact Knowlton B. J. (2001).a. The victim will not have the ability to categorize information given orally and inability to comprehend the language being spoken.
The primary cause of retrograde amnesia is injuries resulting in damages in the brain parts associated with memory storage. The thalamus is one of the organs related to memory storage. The hippocampus also takes part in memory storage. When the head is hit severely, parts of the brain are damaged, which results in traumatic brain injury. Excessive consumption of alcohol causes thiamine deficiency which later results in retrograde amnesia. Encephalitis also causes retrograde amnesia as it causes inflammation of some brain parts. Cardiac arrests affect the brain severely because the victim may spend a specified period without breathing. In such cases, there is very little or no oxygen supply to the brain, which leads to memory loss. Seizures, in most patients, affect some parts of the brain, but the whole brain can be affected Knowlton B. J. (2001).. Repeated strokes affect the brain’s normal functioning, leading to memory loss in the brain.
According to Corinne Osborn (2018), no outlined procedure can be used in treating retrograde amnesia. However, treatment depends on the possible causes. In many cases, therapy is one of the main ways to reduce the impacts of retrograde amnesia. Occupational therapy can be done to learn new information taught by occupational therapy to replace lost data. Improving memory recall can be done through psychotherapy in cases where trauma led to memory loss. People with retrograde amnesia are advised to seek medical attention immediately through help from close friends and relatives.
References
Squire, L. R., Clark, R. E., & Knowlton, B. J. (2001). Retrograde amnesia. Hippocampus, 11(1), 50-55.
Nadel, L., & Moscovitch, M. (1997). Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia, and the hippocampal complex. Current opinion in neurobiology, 7(2), 217-227.
Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992). Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science, 256(5057), 675-677.
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