Research methodology is a research method where researchers can elaborate methodological and scientific pathways for conducting that research outcome. This study presents different aims for the research project with specific directions to present the importance of green constructions and buildings in India. This study shows a methodological way to accomplish the research process. Lastly, the study suggests the significance of research onion based on research strategies, data analysis tools, and also the methods for data collection.

3.2 Research philosophy

The research aims to present and analyze the principles of research philosophy and paradigms. As per the views of Zangirolami-Raimundo, Echeimberg & Leone (2018), research philosophy deals with nature, source, and the development of the phenomenon that has to be profound and engaged for the collection of both the primary and secondary data resources. This study presents positivism philosophy by managing observations in increasing trustworthiness and quantification.

3.3Research approach

The research approach and the importance can be based on the procedure and the plan consisting of detailed data collection methods. Research methods and techniques can have the interpretation and analysis of the data collected to manage research problems. In this study, quantitative data have been used through accomplishing the research credible to the learner and also for researchers.

3.4 Research strategy

Research strategy can enhance the whole process by accomplishing step-by-step plans and actions in data finding. The study elaborates different management according to the green buildings and the importance of healthy living in India. As per the views of Dzwigoł & Dzwigoł-Barosz (2018), research strategy produces a systematic purpose for elaborating primary focus on research questions, research objectives, philosophical underpinnings, and the reasons to face the facts or challenges.

Figure 2: Research strategy

(Source: As influenced by Attia & Edge, 2017)

According to Attia & Edge (2017), the strategy also supports the collection of data using the methods of surveys and polls. Quantitative approaches regarding research design can enhance the researcher by involving different characters, graphs, charts with the maximum number of respondents. It had been quite challenging to meet each respondent and collect necessary actions.

3.5 Research design

Research design has the function of managing evidence-based study to evaluate and describe observable phenomena. It has the base to identify research problems clearly and justify different selections according to the review and synthesize information relevant to the study. According to Ngozwana (2018), this study allows descriptive research by enabling variables and their behaviors on the one hand and subsequent application of the research method on another. This study also has evidenced through the application of descriptive data design that enhances statistical analysis based on quantifiable information.

3.6 Data collection

Primary data have the collection of information through surveys, experiments, interviews, and other sources of sampling that can have an impact on the research outcomes. The benefits of arranging primary research can have information that can be shared publicly to be used for the purpose of the other study.

As per the views of Basias & Pollalis (2018), secondary data can be collected and gathered with the help of journals, books, different articles, and writing observations through short-term experiences. On the other hand, Abutabenjeh & Jaradat (2018), the researcher can exhibit the purpose of data collected through the secondary research. This study has been chosen the availability of the selected data and manages it through real-time instances.

The questionnaire has been constructed keeping in mind the literature review. The information gathered from the literature review such as the impact of construction of green buildings in India and the movements for sustainable buildings in India. The literature also mentioned the disadvantages of not having green buildings in India. Thus, the questionnaire constructed have included questions like the requirements of green building, the positive impacts of green building and the funds that are required for constructing green buildings.

3.7 Data analysis

As opined by Sakir et al. (2020), quantitative research can be measured through multiple attributes, behaviors and based on the variables for supporting statistical significance. This study has based on different opinions of the 30 participants of the building industry that can use observations, surveys, and sampling methods. Also, it is quantifiable by numerical data that has been scaled on multiple choices of questions into a survey, interviews, and sampling to a targeted audience. Choosing quantitative research the study can have an impact on the research data that has to be presented through prove and disprove a hypothesis. In this study, quantitative methods have been conducted by the methods of experiments, surveys, and with the help of polls. Mainly the research focuses on the questionnaire that has been asked through the executions of the green building and the purpose in India. Also, arranging confidentiality can make the statistical methods more carefully and accurately to help researchers in the related subject areas for the future.

3.8 Sampling tools and techniques

Sampling size and techniques have the primary conduct of the research about a group of people that can collect possible data from every person in a survey. As per Aydin & Arel (2017), probability sampling can have resulted through random selection, allowing the group into the statistical study of resources and statistical inferences about the participants. On the other hand, Oke et al. (2021), non-probability can involve non-random selection that is based on the criteria’s, conveniences of targeted audiences. In this study, a non-probability sampling method can test the hypothesis about a broad population.

3.9 Sampling size and frame

The study is related to the cost of green building and the importance of green construction in India. The population is considered with the number of participants who are involved in the study. The population can also be referred to as targeted audiences to arrange different forms of data analysis. Sampling can be collected through the targeted population where the procedure of probability framing and non-probability framing can be defined in terms of opinions, views, and standpoints based on the importance of green buildings, several implications of green atmosphere, and arranging best possible outcomes to present the construction according to the green initiatives.

3.10 Ethical considerations

Ethical consideration is an essential part of every research outcome. The ethical values of any research topic can be described in this part of the research paper. The cases can be described in this part of the research paper that has to be known by the university. According to Aydin & Arel (2017), the information that has been collected and given by this research aim is fully supported by the researcher. As per the views of Hosseinnezhad et al. (2019), by maintaining ethical values, the researchers should follow some of the Acts which are relevant to the specific project.

3.6 Reliability and validity

Reliability and validity are another prominent part of the research paper to know how the collected information is relevant to the specific research topic. Describing the methods using reliability and validity tests whether the material is proper or not for the relevant topic. The accuracy of the sampling or collecting the data is measured in this part of the research papers by the researchers. Measuring the reliability and validity of the collected information is to assure the consistency of the research report. The importance of measuring the reliability and validity of research work helps the researcher design the work to make it easy to understand by the other readers of the research.

3.11 Accessibility issues

Accessibility issues can create many problems in completing the research work. The research papers are based on the relevant topic of the specific research work. The low contrast of the text is one of the leading accessibility issues a reader can face when reading the research paper. The research work can be done by using the data collected by the source of people. To collect information in a primary data collection process is time-consuming and very difficult for those who are not much habituated to collect data by visiting the people.

3.12 Summary

The study presents different viewpoints by applying research methodologies and other forms of research onions. The layers can present the research design, research strategy, research approaches. Descriptive research designs have relied on deductive research approaches. Also, quantitative methods have been used to perform the data analysis. Primary data collection can have an impact on the data that are collected through surveys and the process of sampling. Also, some of the accessibility issues have come through managing the confidentiality of the statistical data that has been presented by the builders and contractors.

Chapter 4: Data collection and discussion

4.1 Primary quantitative data collection

The researcher collects firsthand primary data for a particular study purpose. The researcher may use descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the primary quantitative data or use grounded theories or discourse analysis to analyze primary qualitative data. Quantitative data is typically gathered for statistical research by sending surveys, interviews, or questionnaires to any particular segment of the population (Wibowo et al., 2018). Within this analysis of primary quantitative data, a survey method is considered where around 30 potential participants of the building industry were surveyed. The responses are depicted in a tabular form, and also bar graphs have been utilized that represent the total number of observations within the data specific to that category. Around 20 questions were developed for the questionnaire to analyze the cost of constructing green sustainable buildings in India.

How far do you agree that there is a requirement to raise green buildings in India?

Responses	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage (%)
Strongly agree	30	7	23
Agree	30	10	33
Neutral	30	3	10
Disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.1: Responses regarding the requirement of rising green buildings in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.1: Responses regarding the requirement of rising green buildings in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that India requires to take part in the green building doing projects for achieving sustainable environment and approximately 10% of the respondents remained neutral, about 23% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think that the making of green buildings will create positive effects on the environment in the whole country?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	7	23
agree	30	12	40
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	5	16
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.2: Responses regarding the effectiveness of green building initiatives for controlling the environment-related issues in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.2: Responses regarding the effectiveness of green building initiatives for controlling the environment-related issues in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 40% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the making of green buildings will create positive effects on the environment in the whole country and around 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 23% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think India has the funds to raise these buildings as far as the current financial condition is concerned?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	8	26
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.3: Responses regarding the financial feasibility of India for carrying green building projects

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.3: Responses regarding the financial feasibility of India for carrying green building projects

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that India has the funds to raise these buildings as far as the current financial condition is concerned, and approximately 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 26% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree constructing green buildings will bring about vast conservation of energy in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	8	26
agree	30	11	36
neutral	30	3	10
disagree	30	5	16
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.4: Responses regarding the effectiveness of green construction initiatives for better conservation of energy in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.4: Responses regarding the effectiveness of green construction initiatives for better conservation of energy in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 36% of the respondents agreed on the fact that constructing green buildings will bring about huge conservation of energy in India, and approximately 10% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 26% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 16% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that it will not be challenging to find the resources for constructing green buildings?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	13	43
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	7	23
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.5: Responses regarding the accessibility of material required for making green buildings in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.5: Responses regarding the accessibility of material required for making green buildings in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 43% of the respondents agreed on the fact that it will not be challenging to find the resources for constructing green buildings, and around 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 23% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree with the total number of green buildings that meet the needs of total green construction in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	6	20
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	8	26
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.6: Responses regarding the availability of green buildings required for total green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.6: Responses regarding the availability of green buildings required for total green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the total number of the green buildings that meet the needs of total green construction in India and about 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 20% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 26% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the total construction cost of the green buildings in India differs from the other nations?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	14	47
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.7: Responses regarding the difference in total construction cost of green buildings between India and other nations

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.7: Responses regarding the difference in total construction cost of green buildings between India and other nations

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 47% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the total construction cost of the green buildings in India differs from the other nations, and around 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the legal factors influence the construction of green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	7	23
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	7	23
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.8: Responses regarding the influence of legal factors for green building constructions in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.8: Responses regarding the influence of legal factors for green building constructions in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the legal factors influence the construction of the green buildings in India, and around 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 23% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 23% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think that the primary considerations are fulfilled during the making of the green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	7	23
agree	30	11	37
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	7	23
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.9: Responses regarding the fulfillment of major considerations for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Table 4.9: Responses regarding the fulfillment of major considerations for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 37% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the main considerations are fulfilled during the making of the green buildings in India, and around 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 23% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 23% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the construction technology trends of the United Kingdom differ from Indian trends?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	3	10
disagree	30	9	30
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.10: Responses regarding the difference in construction technology trends between the United Kingdom and India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.10: Responses regarding the difference in construction technology trends between the United Kingdom and India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the construction technology trends of the United Kingdom differ from Indian trends and approximately 10% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 30% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the safety management methods are updated for the making of the green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	6	20
agree	30	11	37
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	7	23
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.11: Responses regarding the up-gradation of safety management methods for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.11: Responses regarding the up-gradation of safety management methods for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 37% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the safety management methods are updated for the making of the green buildings in India, and about 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 20% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 23% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the technical issues affect the construction of green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	12	40
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	5	16

Table 4.12: Responses regarding the influence of technological issues for green building constructions in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.12: Responses regarding the influence of technological issues for green building constructions in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 40% of the respondents agreed on the fact that thetechnological issues affect the construction of the green buildings in India, and about 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 16% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think that the local planning policies affect the construction of green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	11	37
neutral	30	3	10
disagree	30	8	27
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.13: Responses regarding the influence of local planning policies for total green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.13: Responses regarding the influence of local planning policies for total green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 37% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the total number of the green buildings that meet the needs of total green construction in India and approximately 10% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 27% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the concept of the construction of green buildings in India is crucial in the present scenario?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	6	20
agree	30	13	43
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.14: Responses regarding the importance of the concept of green buildings in India in the present scenario

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.14: Responses regarding the importance of the concept of green buildings in India in the present scenario

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 43% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the concept of the construction of green buildings in India is crucial in the present scenario and around 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 20% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think that overpopulation is a great issue for the construction of green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	11	37
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	7	23
Strongly disagree	30	5	16

Table 4.15: Responses regarding the influence of overpopulation for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.15: Responses regarding the influence of overpopulation for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 37% of the respondents agreed on the fact that overpopulation is a great issue for the construction of green buildings in India, and approximately 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 23% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 16% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that the models of the construction of green buildings in India are innovative?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	8	27
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.16: Responses regarding the innovation of the construction models of green buildings in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.16: Responses regarding the innovation of the construction models of green buildings in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that the models of the construction of green buildings in India are innovative and approximately 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 27% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that constructing green buildings will generate healthier spaces and less waste for residents?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	7	23
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	8	26
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.17: Responses regarding the generation of healthier spaces and less waste of green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.17: Responses regarding the generation of healthier spaces and less waste of green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that constructing green buildings will generate healthier spaces and less waste for residents, and approximately 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 23% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 26% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think that climate change is a significant concern for the construction of green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	8	27
agree	30	9	30
neutral	30	3	10
disagree	30	6	20
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.18: Responses regarding the influence of climate change on green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.18: Responses regarding the influence of climate change on green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 30% of the respondents agreed on the fact that climate change is a significant concern for the construction of green buildings in India, and approximately 10% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 27% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 20% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you think that human behavior affects the construction of green buildings in India?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	7	23
agree	30	10	33
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	8	27
Strongly disagree	30	3	10

Table 4.19: Responses regarding the effect of human behavior for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

Figure 4.19: Responses regarding the effect of human behavior for green construction in India

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 33% of the respondents agreed on the fact that human behavior affects the construction of the green buildings in India, and approximately 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 23% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 27% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

How far do you agree that constructing green buildings will reduce operational costs in comparison with conventional construction?

Response	Total respondents	Respondents	Percentage
Strongly agree	30	5	16
agree	30	12	40
neutral	30	2	7
disagree	30	7	23
Strongly disagree	30	4	13

Table 4.20: Responses regarding the reduction of operational costs for green construction in India compared to conventional construction

(Source: Created by author)

Table 4.20: Responses regarding the reduction of operational costs for green construction in India compared to conventional construction

(Source: Created by author)

From the above responses obtained from the potential 30 respondents, it can be identified that approximately 40% of the respondents agreed on the fact that constructing green buildings will reduce operational costs in comparison with conventional construction and approximately 7% of the respondents remained neutral, approximately 16% of the respondents strongly agreed, approximately 23% of the respondents disagreed, and approximately 13% of the respondents strongly disagreed on the fact.

4.2 Discussion

In conclusion, from the above study, it can be found that though it is necessary to build green buildings in India, the true cost pricing is a huge issue. As per the economic condition of the very country is concerned it is not possible for India to afford to build these green buildings. But with India’s skill resources the country can come out with different ideas at a much lesser cost. If we compare the advantages and disadvantages of this green building construction, then we will see that the advantages are more. As the environment is of utmost importance in the present scenario of global warming, therefore the fact cannot be avoided as the construction of these green buildings can play a major role in turning our surroundings as well as our biodiversity into a greener and more beautiful one. It can be identified that India needs to implement a green contrition initiative as well as implement a budget for increasing the application of this initiative in construction.

In short, green building is a resource-efficient procedure of constructing healthier buildings that will positively impact the environment. It represents a structure that, by its architecture, installation, or function, prevents or avoids harmful influences on our ecosystem along with the natural environment while still having the potential to have positive effects (Doan et al., 2017). Green buildings help to protect the environment while still improving the quality of living. It is also cheap to maintain. Green architecture (also known to be as a sustainable building or green construction) applies to a project as well as the use of environmentally friendly together with resource-efficient practices during the building’s life cycle starting from preparation to design, then construction, service, repair, reconstruction, and finally demolition (Darko & Chan, 2017). The importance of green buildings in the modern environment is as follows:

As stated by Singh et al. (2018), our surroundings have a huge impact on our health; thus the indoor surroundings will be a lot cleaner and greener, automatically the quality of our life will be better after introducing green building initiatives. Occupants living or employed in green buildings have noticed a significant change in their fitness, stress levels, together with general life quality, and also experiences improved sources of lighting, thermal environments, ergonomic features, as well as improved quality of air. Green buildings help reduce water waste through proper plumbing fixtures and also help reduce strain on water resources.

Vital resources like water and electricity are being preserved thanks to innovations and sustainable technology created by brilliant architects all over the planet. Green systems have the ability to reduce the burden on those resources by growing productivity, allowing them to be maintained and retained for the upcoming generations (Verma & Chandra, 2018). Green buildings also enable recycling water and also allow for alternative resources for water. Green buildings help reduce carbon footprints in the environment. Though it is quite difficult to afford the cost of constructing these green buildings, the greatest advantage is that the cost of maintenance comes very cheap. As stated by Gilani and O’Brien (2017), these green buildings last longer than the traditionally constructed buildings as the sustainable materials have been proven time and again to last longer. Green building helps reduce greenhouse emissions. It helps protect biodiversity and the ecosystem. The sustainable design of the green sustainable buildings not only saves resources and makes us happier, but also it helps the environment. The green architecture will potentially foster and sustain a healthier climate by reducing the dependence on non-renewable energy (like coal, petrol, and oil) (Ahuja et al., 2017). Moreover, Developing systems that get their electricity from natural sources, including light, wind, and water, is great for the atmosphere because it protects the ecosystem from emissions caused by non-renewable sources (like oil, petrol, and coal). The sources of non-renewable energy are not only harmful but also expensive, while the energy-efficient alternatives (like solar paneling vs. conventional electricity) will save around thousands of lives over the infrastructure’s overall costs.

The Impact of green buildings is immense in our environment. With the enormous cutting of trees and building constructions like turning rural into urban without proper planning, we already have lost a considerable part of our greeneries in the world (Shukla et al., 2018). Thereby constructing green buildings will help preserve our flora and fauna, making our environment greener and healthier. The manufacturing and design and construction, and operation of the buildings in which people used to live and work are responsible for the consumption of a variety of natural resources. Green buildings help reduce a lot of our daily consumption of energy, thereby saving resources. With the increasing population, our locally shared resources are threatened. Building green buildings can help preserve and reserve our resources (Tam et al., 2018). Developing structures that derive energy from natural resources such as sun, wind water is extremely helpful for the environment. Again non-renewable energy sources are not only toxic but costly, while their energy-efficient counterparts can help save over thousands of lifetime cost of the infrastructure. With the increasing rate of global warming, there is a drastic depletion in our natural resources leading to a drastic change in climate change (Darko et al., 2017). Therefore, with the construction of these green buildings, we may help bring an immensely positive impact on our climate. Simply reducing our dependence on non-renewable resources, green architecture can promote and maintain a cleaner environment.

Buildings utilized more amount of resources for heating, ventilation, electricity, along with other reasons, but in the case of the LEED-certified buildings, it is observed to use around 25% less energy as compared to the non-certified buildings (Yeatts et al., 2017). They do this by using a variety of structural features. Planting trees on the rooftops keeps the buildings much more relaxed in the summer and could be utilized to fuel them in the winter through using passive solar energy. Renewable technology is used in numerous green buildings. In addition, LEED-certified structures will assist residents in conserving water. The green designs will cut water utilization by around 15% by using water-efficient appliances along with fixtures. They will also aid in the reduction of water pollution (Duan et al., 2019). Within the United States, landscaping accounts for half of all water utilization. Moderately used water, like the one used for washing and within the kitchens, maybe diverted to landscaping in the green buildings.

The design of a building will have a significant environmental effect. The building industry contributes around 23% to all air emissions, and also from sourcing along with producing goods to exporting them to actual construction operations has an environmental effect (Chel & Kaushik, 2018). Green builders also are more inclined towards utilizing sustainably sourced fabrics and recycled materials such as bamboo rather than hardwood that aims to protect woodland habitat and allows more plants to stay alive, and also filters carbon emissions from the environment. Through including vegetation that absorbs the environment and utilizing products that emit fewer toxins, including organic compounds that are volatile along with formaldehyde, green architecture may also enhance the environmental quality within a house (Thanki & Thakkar, 2018). This benefits the welfare of the individuals who use the structure as well as the climate. Green builders aim to stop producing loads of waste during construction. The sustainable green designs make use of reclaimed products, prevent dumping waste energy in landfills, and can also repurpose an established building rather than demolish it.

Chapter 5: Interpretation

The shortage of business expertise in the construction field for planning and incorporating sustainability practises into the construction is a major obstacle in the construction of green buildings (Panchabikesan et al., 2017). The key obstacles to adopting green building policies are a lack of awareness regarding non-green elements and strategies of the climate, as well as a lack of expertise and information about the design of green buildings. While green building concepts have gained traction amid a lack of incentives for demonstrating best green practises, adoption of these green building construction policies has been delayed, especially in underdeveloped countries such as India, Africa, and South America (Phurailatpam et al., 2018).

Individuals and project teams will be inspired, encouraged, and stimulated to achieve tremendous success by the use of rewards. The large cost range to construct these green buildings, as reported by Leskinen and Junnila et al. (2020), is another major obstacle. The industry finds it difficult to reconcile the higher upfront costs associated with green building programmes. It is debatable if the real pricing expense covers long-term environmental and neighbourhood externalities in addition to maintenance costs. Inadequate awareness about the financial and economic benefits is also another major source of concern. The impediment exists owing to the scarcity of quantifiable benefits of green building documentation. Green building efforts are hampered by the small selection of green products and materials accessible on the market. According to Yas (2020), if the construction team may not have enough time or funding to find a new green feature, the materials and technology design of a green building cannot be applied.

Green building programmes typically have more sophisticated structures than traditional construction schemes. For achieving sustainability, green construction schemes typically necessitate the use of special requirements, equipment, modelling methods, and building strategies (Shukla et al., 2018). Furthermore, since experts must devote time to research in order to become proficient in these technologies, the efficiency of green construction and renovation projects is actually lower than that of traditional projects. Furthermore, a lack of familiarity in renewable technologies and technical issues during the construction process would not only cause the project to be delayed, it would also increase costs due to rework. Previous research compared the chance, impact, and criticality of all variables to traditional projects in order to determine the key factors influencing the competitiveness of green building construction projects (Sharma, 2018). A variety of variables were identified by detailed literature reviews and interviews with industry experts. Workers’ skills, technology, construction transitions, workers’ skill level, and task planning and scheduling were the top five key variables influencing the performance of green building growth projects, according to the results.

Construction of atria, as well as adding solar panels and vegetated roofs, are modern, high-risk activities not included in traditional schemes; staff on LEED projects spend much time working at height – such as working with electrical current, and across unstable soils, as well as near heavy machinery – as a result of the various threats that they face. Often, construction products resulted in a 36 percent increase in lacerations, sprains, and strains; during roof operation, a 24 percent increase in falls to lower levels is experienced, which is attributed to the solar panels installation; when adding reflective roof membranes, a 19 percent increase in eyestrain is observed; and while implementing new drainage systems, you can expect an increase of about 19 percent (Ugur & Leblebici, 2018).

Photovoltaic cells are energised during daytime hours, which is often when the system’s various components are de-energized. Staff on the rooftop used to be at risk of receiving an electric shock because of this. Any green commodity characteristics have an effect upstream or downstream of building, such as recycled content in construction materials or appliance energy quality. These characteristics have little bearing on the product’s installation phase in any way. According to Noorzai (2020), recovering usable materials during destruction will raise the risk of staff dropping from the roof or higher level, as well as bruises, abrasion, pathogen damage, and other hazards. Any green building technologies have the potential to reduce the likelihood of OSH by reducing maintenance needs and mitigating vegetation disruption, as well as the usage of low-emitting materials and instruments. According to Still (2020), using natural ventilation and window screens to improve indoor air quality helps to necessitate extra activity at height to maintain a green house. Two-part blown insulation materials or material may cause chemical exposure and flammability issues in enclosed spaces.

If the worksite is well-organized, recyclables can be treated efficiently and easily. If breaks for hydration are well spaced, the reflective roof would not need to signify trips to the doctor (Bansal et al., 2017). Solar panels would therefore minimise dependence on fossil fuels thus posing little risk to employees’ lives or limbs if they are built with adequate fall protection. The projects can reduce casualties and safeguard employees by incorporating prefabrication, effective site construction, and alternative materials.

A variety of government bodies coined the word Prevention by Design (PtD). This term includes the abolition of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities, as well as exposures (MacNaughton et al., 2018). Furthermore, PtD operates to eliminate risks during the building design process by modifying equipment, tools, processes, and everything else that may be achieved to improve the work. PtD is used for jobs to eliminate threats as quickly as possible. This may be accomplished by green architecture, in which all of the elements used to make a building green are decided during the design phase. The grounds, base, buildings, machines, substances, and other construction components must all be taken into account (Vyas & Jha, 2017). In enclosed spaces, using low-VOC goods may help to reduce occupational health risks.

Many people believe that green building construction is prohibitively expensive. If any of these characteristics are implemented throughout the building planning phase, it could be possible to control costs. Given that many people feel that sustainability is out of reach, the reality that green homes are not prohibitively costly. It should be clarified, according to Plebankiewicz et al. (2019), that someone who constructs structures must account for the fact that the structures will be in place for many decades. And, although it is true that the price of buildings has increased marginally in recent years, it is fine if they infuse a tiny estimated sum because, with time, they can reap benefits such as improved comfort, lower energy costs, and better healthcare. They would be very secure with relatively low maintenance costs. And the period of retaliation is just one to two years. As a result, the total construction costs of a green home residential certification house is about 1.58 percent higher than that of a typical domestic building, indicating that green home certification would not necessitate a significant increase in costs (Raouf & Al-Ghamdi, 2019).

Because of the significant influence of this resource within the construction sector, labour productivity is a key factor in assessing the feasibility of building programmes. This ensures that any improvement in labour efficiency would have a direct effect on project efficacy, such as quality, sales, and expense, as well as timeliness. In certain countries, building labour costs account for 30 percent to 50 percent of the total cost of a construction project, so labour productivity is a deciding factor in almost all construction projects’ profitability (Shan & Hwang, 2018). Labor productivity is a top concern for any profit-driven business because it reflects the efficient and effective conversion of resources through marketable commodities, which is what determines company profitability. Several research in the building industry have been conducted with the aim of rising the labour productivity of construction staff such as construction supervisors, architects, contractors, and engineers. Construction labour productivity is a critical factor that influences project performance, scale, and cost (Zhang et al., 2018). Personnel, supervisors, machinery and materials, resources, utilities, and the environment are all factors that influence labour productivity in the construction industry, according to previous reports.

Eco-construction materials and energy-efficient equipment are more costly and come with a green premium, but they make up for that in energy savings, increased home comfort, and reduced maintenance costs (Yu et al., 2017). Energy Star machines, energy-efficient windows and insulation, boilers designed to reduce energy consumption, and renewable energy systems will increase one-time construction costs, however they can reduce long-term ownership costs. Green building has a number of advantages when it comes to mortgage financing. According to the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, homeowners who apply for a mortgage could be qualified for financing under the government’s Energy Efficient Mortgage programme. Finally, since they can save more money on utilities, the EEM platform will increase their buying power and allow them to make more energy-efficient upgrades. The EEM loan would not entail any additional down payment (Illankoon et al., 2017).

Green architecture is a resource-efficient method of creating cleaner , more durable structures that can have a significant effect on environmental concerns. Sustainable growth is anticipated in the international green building industry (Chan et al., 2017). Experts from around the world report that they are planning to operate green building at a high pace, compared to where they are now.

Between 2012 and 2015, the divisions with the most green building choices around the world were restoration programmes and new development. Green building is becoming increasingly popular as a business strategy (Darko et al., 2017). According to Darko et al. (2017), business potential and client demand must emerge as the primary motivating factors in the sector, notwithstanding the fact that the number of people who consider themselves major operators has remained somewhat stable over the last twelve years. When you combine this with the huge uptick in those who believe branding public relations and reduced operational expenses are important determinants, it’s clear that the sector is being supported by net profits (Dixit et al., 2017).

New discoveries, along with renewable technology, have the ability to accelerate India’s growth trajectory, propelling it into one of the world’s largest sustainable economies over the next decade. The solution to achieving a sustainable environment would be to focus primarily on green energies for power generation and energy conservation (Dixit et al., 2017). India, on the other hand, is quickly embracing the concept of green buildings, as well as environmental awareness and energy debates. In India, judicious design implementation, as well as the growth of sustainable green practises in the real estate industry, will help to improve sustainability.

Green building architecture is still evolving in India, and the costs are marginally higher than for conventional structures. There are 2,362 listed buildings in India, according to the Indian Green Building Council, with 447 of them being listed as orange. Customers have began to recognise and prefer green buildings, and if this becomes the market norm, the expense of a green building would continue to drop (Wibowo et al., 2018). As a consequence of the emergence of a new manufacturing sector, the expansion of the green building industry in India is projected to result in significant economic growth. Since green building is such a new idea in India, there are just a few professionals who work in the area. Engineers, technicians, energy experts, environmentalists, consultants, and other practitioners with a deep knowledge of the market would be in high demand as the sector grows. Within the next decade, if not before, the trend could intensify rapidly (Wibowo et al., 2018). The ultimate target of sustainability, i.e. economic prosperity while saving the environment, seems to be attainable as the importance of green buildings is recognised by more parts of society over time.

Green designs are being praised as modern-day architectural marvels for their potential to protect the environment while affecting the real estate sector dramatically. New high-rise residential, neighbourhoods, and mixed-use development are expected to be the top three industries for green building growth in India in the coming years (Doan et al., 2017). Environmental friendliness and reduced upkeep rates are already important considerations for real estate investors. Green building marketing, which was mostly absent three to four years earlier, will have a significant impact on the green building industry’s potential.

Chapter 6: Conclusion

5.1 Summary

Home planners, architects, and subcontractors must make scores of choices while constructing an energy efficient home. Many actions have an effect on the project’s cost of production and viability. Although energy conservation necessitates meticulous preparation and commitment to detail during the development phase, it provides significant advantages to construction professionals. According to studies, implementing green construction technology will save money in the long run. It has the potential to build opportunities and broaden the local tax base, resulting in more socially competitive neighbourhoods (Darko & Chan, 2017). Strengthening indoor environmental quality provides a better atmosphere for building inhabitants, which can make them work more efficiently. Stronger communities have a stronger sense of belonging.

Green buildings are common in Western countries and have recently become a feature in Asian countries such as China, South Korea, and several Indian cities. While the development of such buildings incurs higher upfront expenses, real estate developers see it as a lucrative enterprise in the long term since the concept is self-sustaining. For decades, buildings have progressed in terms of both complexity and style (Verma & Chandra, 2018). There has been a deliberate attempt to reduce operation, management, and energy costs over time, but a holistic strategy would broaden the reach and functionality of green buildings. It is better to see the promise of this at the beginning of the design phase, as big revisions are already being made. The physical and intangible benefits become apparent if the building is ready to implement the proposed green guidelines. In India, several large-scale construction schemes are hailed as green building leaders. As opposed to traditional construction designs, these office buildings have seen a greater increase in efficiency and a reduction in energy usage. When all architecture parameters are considered, it can be inferred that the findings of energy simulations have led to an overall cost reduction. India currently has a cumulative registered green footprint of 4.5 billion square feet, which has doubled since 2013 and is projected to continue to increase in the future (Ahuja et al., 2017). As previously stated, the green building model appears to be promising, especially for developers seeking premium rental values but also attracting tenants. State policymakers may be motivated to push new policy measures such as increased Floor Space Index, quicker clearing, and lower construction charges as green buildings become more profitable. If stakeholders note that operation and management costs are comparatively smaller, there has been a rise in demand for green goods around the world, which would propel the agenda for further green office building ventures in the future.

Green buildings can undoubtedly assume a larger part in India’s climate change debate. Finance can be a catalyst for mainstreaming green real estate in the developed world. The following goals may be used to promote green buildings like the development of a strong regulatory and policy system for both green building and the financial sector, including incentives and guidance, green credit for real estate identification and improvement, the suitability of different financial modalities for the Indian sector should be assessed, supplemented by a review of foreign best practises, the improvement and adaptation of ranking and green certification mechanisms for use in the financial sector, and the development of a system to monitor green building financial flows (Sukla et al., 2018).

Green buildings may be rendered cost-neutral by implementing the right plan at the right time. By striking a compromise between cost increases and cost decreases, a neutral solution may be achieved, resulting in a premium ranking with no extra cost (Tam et al., 2018). The project’s gains in terms of life cycle efficiency are an additional bonus of long-term savings. Any green action is for the greater good of the sustainability parameter and always benefits all stakeholders, whether explicitly or indirectly. The green building industry’s long-term viability depends on a fair economic return on energy-efficiency investments. Recent years have seen an uptick in environmental and sustainable growth concerns. These issues require countries to implement a variety of measures aimed at improving energy quality and implementing benchmark parameters that meet international requirements (Darko et al., 2017). Green construction has risen to the frontline of sustainable growth in this century, assuming accountability for long-term fiscal, environmental, and social well-being. It allows for the development of environmentally friendly buildings with the use of an integrated architecture strategy.

5.2 Recommendations

Agenda for Corporate Social Responsibility: Green design has a heavy price tag. Furthermore, the average life cycle maintenance expense of a green building is smaller than that of conventional buildings. And combined with gains from emission credits, the expenditure could be well worth it (Yeatts et al., 2017). With more renewable schemes on the horizon, costs will drop. As a result, long-term developments in green buildings would guarantee the long-term viability of their investments.
Instilling conviction within larger projects: Old solutions would struggle to meet the need of quickly expanding metros. Filthy streets, clogged waterways, grey skies, and insufficient water and electricity are all sufficient excuses to choose green technologies in the domestic real estate market. The general population, however, would remain sceptical until large-scale public, industrial, and suburban neighbourhoods can be planned and constructed using fundamentally new concepts (Duan et al., 2019). Since they have so much room, integrated inexpensive townships can be perfect for implementing these technologies. Rainwater recycling, solar panels, wind power production, sewage treatment plants, CFL usage of traditional lobbies, air economizers, glazed walls, and occupancy initiatives are all examples of sustainable methodologies that can have a cascading impact.
Building Awareness: Another place where work has to be done is raising consciousness in the media. To accommodate and enhance sustainable features in a house, behaviour patterns must be altered. As a result, residents must be green-aware. Builders like Kalpataru give homeowners an outreach package and a home-user guide to explain the benefits of modern technologies and practises like recycling, composting, and energy saving (Chel & Kaushik, 2018). Employees at Cisco share their green perspectives through video clips that can be downloaded from a new green-focused website. Cisco also provides a community email for environmentally conscious workers. It has a community named “Let’s Talk Cisco Green” on the internet.
Infusing traditional architecture: Traditional design has become green in several respects, and builders should benefit from it. Biological variation is taken into account throughout construction. As a result, buildings in hot climates must guarantee the corridors guided the breeze such that the interiors were naturally cooled. In wetter climates, architects will design buildings with natural breezes in mind, focusing on light window shades as a means of light and heat (Thanki & Thakkar, 2018). As a result, classical architecture learned how to make the most of its resources. Materials from the area were included. Large buildings were planned in such a way that less construction material was used and less electricity was needed for cooling and heating. Per region of India has its own architectural style. Using such architecture instead of importing construction technology will be more cost effective.

5.3 Limitations

The majority of green building ranking schemes on the market today are dependent on standards. The entire construction phase is classified into many parameters and assigned stars, which are then normalised into star scores or other nomenclature. They are useful for streamlining systems, but they can not adequately assess the effect of building energy on the climate (Panchabikesan et al., 2017). None of the programmes consider structural properties and incorporate them into the evaluation method. This gap necessitates the development of a modern sustainability metric that can easily be applied to the whole built environment. Current evaluation instruments have limitations in assessing sustainability since it is a dynamic phenomenon with so many factors and a shortage of reliable evidence. Both facets of sustainability have a huge effect on building evaluation and should be seen together (Phurailatpam et al., 2018). Many measurement methods for assessing resilience have certain deficiencies and inadequacies in the economic and social dimensions. Existing appraisal instruments are geared toward environmental evaluation rather than long-term planning. Regional and practical factors, which play a major role in assessing building results, are not taken into account by existing evaluation instruments.

5.4 Future Scope

This research would aid in the analysis of green building principles among the citizens of India’s towns and villages, as well as assisting them in developing their own green home and promoting it after completion. In a country like India, where the bulk of the population resides in villages and towns rather than cities, it is critical to raise consciousness among the citizens of villages and towns. Special populations, such as the elderly, students, and instructors, may often get additional care (Shukla et al., 2018). People that are older are more susceptible to overheating and poor indoor air quality. Students may become professionals and experts in a variety of fields in the future. Teachers play a key position in shaping students’ attitudes and behaviours about aspects of development, such as the use of buildings. As a result, the above-mentioned topics will be on the potential roadmap for green building studies, as well as encouraging a greater amount of green and sustainable growth (Sharma, 2018). Green buildings are essential in today’s world because environmental balance is critical for human life and growth, but first citizens must be educated not to see green buildings as an additional financial burden. Green buildings are the best way to ensure a prosperous future.

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Factors that influence green building construction plans

Chapter 3: Research methodology

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research philosophy

3.3Research approach

3.4 Research strategy

3.5 Research design

3.6 Data collection

3.7 Data analysis

3.8 Sampling tools and techniques

3.9 Sampling size and frame

3.10 Ethical considerations

3.6 Reliability and validity

3.11 Accessibility issues

3.12 Summary

Chapter 4: Data collection and discussion

4.1 Primary quantitative data collection

4.2 Discussion

Chapter 5: Interpretation

Chapter 6: Conclusion

5.1 Summary

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Limitations

5.4 Future Scope

Reference list

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