THE HARLEM RENAISENCE
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Harlem Renaissance is taken as a celebration of the black American from slavery. It was a cultural revival for them in music, arts, dance, literature, fashion, and politics. The movement was centered in Manhattan in New York City between the 1920s and 1930s. The neighborhood of Harlem, Northern Manhattan, was meant for white people but due to higher rates of developments there was empty building and landlords were desperate of finding tenants. The blacks moved from a neighborhood called Bohemia to Harlem around the 1900s. More and more blacks came into the place where the whites fought to keep their neighborhood, but they eventually fled, leaving the blacks behind. Between 1910 and 1920, the blacks from the south migrated to the northern part, led by W.E.B Du Bois, which was later termed as the Great Migration. World War I enticed th migration where companies in the north had to recruit the blacks from the south due to the fall of immigration into the country. At around 1920, about 300,000 blacks had moved to the north, and the prominent place where they settled was Harlem.
During this period, there was a high level of racism and towards African-American citizens, which further resulted in fewer economic developments and opportunities. The blacks, however, demonstrated their racial pride and uplifted it economically through the creation of arts, music, and poetry. At first, it was called the New Negro Movement, encompassing various cultural expressions across the northern, Midwestern and eastern parts of the United States of America, where it was primarily affected by the change of the militancy. It led to a general struggle concerning civil rights for the Black Americans because they were taking subservient people.
The cultural movement (Harlem renaissance) started at the end of the First World War and ended in mid-1930 where there was the Great Depression of various powerful economies. The war had a role in expanding economic opportunities in the Northern parts of the USA by establishing industries with the help of African Americans from the south due to decreased European immigrants into the country. Furthermore, the Great Migration, which occurred in the early 20th century, also resulted in the initiation of the cultural movement. Black Americans in the south experienced a lot of oppression concerning social, economic, and culture. They, however, managed to escape the Jim Crow rules and move to the northern parts where the movement was given birth to and to improve their lives.
African Americans utilized the artistic means to be heard because they had no political voice, and they were more prevalent to racial hatred. The first term given to the cultural movement, The Negro Movement, was developed by a Black American called Alain Locke. He talked about the encouragement of the young black artist who wanted to spread the word of valuing the African-Americans through the artistic medium. Other intellectual individuals like James, Du Bois, and Hughes lead the expansion process of the movement by being the spokesmen for the young blacks who had immense talents in the artistic field. Moreover, Marcus Garvey was another essential individual in the movement who believed in the value of racial pride and African heritage.
The immense shift of population led to more concentration in Harlem, which resulted in the black pride movement led by Du Bois in ensuring the Black Americans got the value they deserve in cultural areas of life. The first art they used was poetry with Claude McKay’s collection. Jessi Redmond’s novel There Is Confusion applied the ideas where the Black Americans were culturally identified in white-dominated Manhattan. Jessi happens to be the literary editor of a magazine called NAACP (The Crisis) and later developed Black children’s magazine together with Du Bois. Intending to shape Harlem’s literature, Charles Johnson created a National Urban League magazine, which later helped to bolster writers’ skills like Langton Hughes. Their work was later published in magazines like Harpers.
Langston was one of the authors and poets who helped in the success of the Harlem Renaissance through his work. He did more than his poetry works, like motivating his fellow writer and poets internationally, which made Harlem Renaissance remembered in history. Hughes stood out for various writers and poets, including; George Schuyler- editor of the Black paper and a writer of the article The Negro-Art Hokum. For instance, the same article argued how Black artists shared the European experiences with whites who were producing the same kind of work. Moreover, Hughes came to intervene when spirituals and jazz by black people were taken as folk art.
Regarding racial hatred towards the African American artists, Hughes emphasized being proud of the skin color rather than rejecting the racial identity. He further stated that a true young Negro artist should not be afraid but instead embrace his color by creating the intent to express the true individual dark-skin selves. Langston broke new grounds through his poetry by incorporating the jazz and blues music that the black people played. He used blues as a form of poetry written in 1923, and later in 1926, it appeared in his collection (The Weary Blues). Although Langston was attacked by other individuals referring to him as the low-rate poet of Harlem, he still believed in the value of black people in art irrespective of social status. Hughes calls for pursuing the art from the Black side as philosophical and with the aims of the cultural movements.
The end of the Harlem Renaissance came after the stock market crashed in 1929 (Great Depression). Harlem Renaissance was not just a political movement but rather a channel where writers like Nora Hurston and artists like Louis Armstrong demonstrated the African American culture belonging to America, and the idea of inferiority of blacks was just a social construction. The Black from Harlem later spread to find employment in various parts of the USA for improving their lives.
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